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Hiroshi Akashi studies the mechanisms of molecular evolution using a combination of theoretical population genetic studies and analysis of DNA sequence variation. He combines computer simulations and laboratory work to determine the importance of mutations with slight fitness effects in the overall scheme of evolution. His work focuses on the evolutionary forces affecting genome sequences. "We address the importance of natural selection," Akashi says. "We're often looking for the 'footprint' of weak evolutionary forces that are well outside the range that we can measure directly. Darwin believed that what we see as adaptations arise from natural selection acting on very slight differences among individuals. We apply population genetic predictions within and between species DNA sequence data to infer the action of such forces." Akashi utilizes statistics and technology as the basis for any eventual inference. He has developed a statistical method to examine the frequency and number of mutations in a population as well as the number of mutations between species. Most of his work has been conducted using fruit flies as a model organism. With growing access to data bases and the interest generated by the Human Genome Project, he hopes to expand some of the work at Penn State to primates. "The wealth of human and primate sequence data available on the Internet will allow us to identify which genes have undergone adaptive evolution in recent human history and which human disease alleles have been maintained by balancing selection," Akashi says. Moving to Penn State has boosted Akashi's research in terms of collaboration. Thanks to the quality of his work and the presence of the Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics at Penn State, he already has a couple of collaborations under way. "My expectations were that moving here would help and would be a positive step for my lab," Akashi says. "It's turned out better than expected. My colleagues at Penn State are very interested in collaborations and the department provided a comfortable and quick transition for the lab." Akashi joined Penn State for the fall 2000 semester. He had been an assistant professor at the University of Kansas since 1998. Prior to that, he was a visiting scholar at the University of California at Davis from 1996 to 1998, and a postdoctoral fellow at the University of California at Davis in 1996. Akashi earned a doctoral degree in ecology and evolution at the University of Chicago in 1996. He earned a master's degree in ecology and evolution at the University of Chicago in 1993. He earned his bachelor's degree in biology, magna cum laude, at Harvard University in 1990.
Marius Dabija studies "self-maps," formulas or laws that associate a point in space to another point in the same space. With the use of algebraic geometry, complex variables, potential theory, and ergodic theory, he works to understand the long-term behavior of the orbits of the points when acted upon by the repetitive action of a self-map. He can also work "backward" and try to determine what led to a specific outcome or result. "Instead of looking at the forward orbit of a point, one can look at the backward orbit -- take the preimages of the point, then the preimages of the preimages, and so on," he says. Some points follow predictable orbits while others behave chaotically. Self-maps allow him to apply the same principle or value over and over in order to determine if a pattern exists. He experiments with computer images, attempting to define problems and prove related theorems. "It's not often you're done quickly, or that you can expect to solve a problem by the end of the day," Dabija says. Still, he enjoys the challenge and he selected Penn State because of its strong working group in the theory of smooth dynamical systems. Along with pure enjoyment of the process, he draws his motivation from the chance to be exposed to different disciplines and to thrive in his own field. "We have a good Center for Dynamical Systems at Penn State, which will allow me to learn from others," he says. "It's an opportunity to get different perspectives, while continuing my work in complex dynamics." Dabija joined the Penn State faculty for the fall 2000 semester. He had worked as a researcher at the Institute of Mathematics of the Romanian Academy since 1993. He earned his undergraduate degree in mathematics at the University of Bucharest, Romania, in 1993. He earned his doctoral degree in mathematics at the University of Michigan in 2000.
Jian Ge is working to make studying the universe easier for himself and others through the development and use of innovative instruments and technologies. His research interests include the development of silicon-immersion-optics technology for use in infrared spectroscopy--the chemical analysis of matter gauged by the infrared light it absorbs or emits. He also has keen interest in the search for low-mass extrasolar planets and in the use of adaptive-optics spectroscopy in infrared and optical wavelengths. With the use of optical and infrared instrumentation technology, Ge hopes to help Penn State's department of astronomy and astrophysics to become even more well rounded. Ge thinks the development of optical and infrared techniques, possibly for use in the next generation of NASA's space-based observatories, can only bolster the department--which is already the home of abundant X-ray and gamma-ray technology. He ranks the search for planets among his major interests. He acknowledges many researchers and scientists have been looking feverishly for planets and he thinks the abilities of himself and his colleagues at Penn State--because of the department's collegial atmosphere and the University's resources--might make the discovery of more planets possible. A newly formed planet-search group at Penn State comprises Ge, Lawrence Ramsey, and Alexander Wolszczan. "The department offers room for dynamic efforts and it promotes a comfortable atmosphere to work together," Ge says. "It's convenient for research and provides so many resources. For example, we already have the Hobby-Eberly Telescope and the Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Explorer will be available soon." Ge also has helped develop chemical etching techniques to benefit ground-based spectroscopy. He led the development of the world's first silicon grisms in 1999. These small silicon-immersion gratings can provide more than three times the dispersion power of a conventional reflective grating of equal size. As a result, infrared spectroscopic instruments using that technology can be smaller--reduced from the size of an entire room to the size of a suitcase--but continue to provide high efficiency and spectral resolving power. In addition, Ge appreciates the convenience of Penn State, where the University's research laboratories provide the knowledge and manpower to manufacture the grisms and where the University's already strong relationship with NASA might enable his technology to be included in the development of the next-generation space telescope. Ge earned his bachelor's degree in theoretical physics at the University of Science and Technology of China in 1989. He earned his doctoral degree in astronomy at the University of Arizona in 1998. He received scholarships from the International Society of Optical Engineering in 1996 and 1997. He worked as a research assistant at the Beijing Astronomical Observatory from 1989 to 1992 and as a research assistant at Steward Observatory at the University of Arizona from 1992 to 1998. He did postdoctoral work as a staff member in the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California, from 1998 to 2000. He joined the Penn State faculty in May 2000.
Sharon Hammes-Schiffer is a physical chemist with research interests that include proton-coupled electron transfer and hydride transfer in enzymes. Her work with proton-coupled electron transfer has led to the development of an important theoretical approach in that field. "We've developed a new theoretical formulation for describing proton-coupled electron transfer reactions," Hammes-Schiffer says. "We started from the basics and derived a very useful technique for calculating rates and mechanisms of these type of reactions." She anticipates collaboration on that topic with other members of the faculty who are interested in electron and proton transfer. She already has started collaboration with Stephen Benkovic, Evan Pugh Professor of Chemistry and holder of the Eberly Family Chair in Chemistry, regarding enzyme reactions. "Working with an experimentalist is very important," she says. "Professor Benkovic has designed these wonderful experiments and has obtained a lot of data on an important enzymatic system. We're planning to start studying with him and learning from him." Hammes-Schiffer joined the Penn State faculty for the fall 2000 semester. She had been an assistant professor of chemistry and biochemistry at the University of Notre Dame since 1995. She brought with her some important members of her research group, four postdoctoral students and four graduate students who have enrolled at Penn State, enabling her group to continue to work on their existing research. She conducted postdoctoral research at AT&T Bell Laboratories from 1993 to 1995. Before that, she was a graduate research assistant at Stanford University from 1988 to 1993. She also conducted undergraduate research while at Princeton University. She earned her bachelor's degree in chemistry, summa cum laude, at Princeton University in 1988 and her doctoral degree in chemistry at Stanford University in 1993. She has earned numerous awards, among them the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Award in 1999, an Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship in 1998, and a Faculty Early Career Development Award (CAREER) from the National Science Foundation (NSF) in 1996 .
Beatrix Jones applies statistics to the fields of genetics and ecology. Her research has focused on inferring dispersal models for plants, specifically population distributions for pollen and seeds. "My methods are developed for inferring dispersal distribution," Jones says. "It's an area of interest for biologists and it met my interest, which started with wanting to do something involving genetic population structure." Along with the Department of Statistics, the Department of Biology also played a big role in her arrival at Penn State. "My undergraduate work in mathematical sciences required a concentration in another science, and for me that was biology," Jones says. "One of the nice things about Penn State is that it's a land-grant institution and its focus encompasses a wide range of biological disciplines." Because of her interests, Jones anticipates collaborations with professors in other departments and within her own department. "Our Department of Statistics includes many young faculty members and there are numerous opportunities to interact," Jones says. "It creates a lot of possibilities. Also, we have many well-established, top-level biologists and my work can play a role in what they do, too." Jones joined the Penn State faculty for the fall 2000 semester. She had been at the University of Washington, where she served as a teaching assistant for an upper-level statistics course designed for engineers. She earned her bachelor's degree in mathematical sciences at Johns Hopkins University in 1995. She earned her master's and doctoral degrees, both in statistics, at the University of Washington in 1997 and 2000, respectively. Jones worked as a summer analyst for AT&T Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey, in 1995 and 1996. She analyzed data pertaining to optical-fiber manufacturing using graphical exploratory analysis, principal components, and linear models. She also analyzed data pertaining to the use of conference-calling services using graphical exploratory analysis and generalized linear models.
Richard Koerner studies the interface between biology and inorganic chemistry. His primary research interests include protein biosynthesis and metallopeptide synthesis. The goal of his current project is to synthesize a small molecule that functions just like a specific metalloprotein, which could lead to a better understanding of metalloprotein function and biosynthesis. By formulating compounds that act like specific enzymes, he studies those compounds to learn about the enzymes, some of which do not function outside their normal environments. His research combines an academic quest for basic knowledge about both biological and chemical functions and supports the goal of making potential laboratory and industrial reactions more efficient by improving the ability to model natural compounds. In addition, the role of inorganic materials in human health greatly interests Koerner. "It's interesting to me how nature uses metals to carry out reactions," Koerner says. "The vast bulk of any living organism is organic material, but the inorganic metals also play a critical role in keeping it alive. Also, we have many examples of reactions that take place in nature that are more efficient than we can replicate in a laboratory. If we can figure out how it's done in nature, we can do it in industry." One part of his research includes efforts to create an enzyme active site, heme P460, in the absence of the other proteins that usually surround it in nature. Those surrounding proteins do not affect its behavior in nature, but nobody has been able to synthesize the heme P460 in a laboratory. Another aspect of Koerner's research includes the use of peptides, the building blocks of proteins, to bind metals in order to synthesize a metallopeptide. In the fast-moving field of bioinorganic chemistry, Koerner's experience and his use of an interdisciplinary approach have helped him to adapt quickly at the University. "Penn State has provided a great support structure for this kind of research," Koerner says. "Our department has a commitment to such work plus good facilities. People in the department have been helpful and it's been easy to find my niche." Koerner joined the Penn State faculty for the fall 2000 semester after completing postdoctoral research at Harvard University. He earned his doctoral degree in inorganic chemistry at the University of California at Davis in 1997. He earned his bachelor's degree in chemistry at the University of Arizona in 1991.
Bryna Kra studies ergodic theory, a branch of dynamical systems used to determine the long-term behavior of systems whose characteristics can be better understood by considering the long term average behavior. Her theoretical work attempts to apply ergodic theorems to questions she describes as basic and fundamental. "It's very elegant," Kra says, adding that the motivation for her research comes from some important applications in number theory, combinatorics, and celestial mechanics. "There are some very general, simple-seeming questions where answers just are not known. It seems like we should have answers to those kinds of questions but we don't, although we do have a lot of intuition about what should happen and whether it will happen." A visitor to Penn State for seminars and workshops in the past, Kra joined the Penn State faculty for the fall 2000 semester. She had been an assistant professor at Ohio State University. She selected Penn State because of the strength of its department in terms of dynamics research. Her initial duties at Penn State include organizing the department's seminars. "It's busy because the new person always organizes the seminars, and that's good because you interact and talk with everybody," Kra says. "It's a good way to get to know everybody and it's a big advantage of being here. This is one of the best departments in the country for dynamics. On top of that, we have so many people coming through for seminars--everybody comes here--that you get exposed to so much." She completed postdoctoral work at Hebrew University (Israel) from 1994 to 1996 and was an assistant professor at the University of Michigan from 1996 to 1997. She served as the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Fellow at IHÉS in France from 1997 to 1998 and was named a National Science Foundation-NATO Post-doctoral Fellow at the University of Marne-la-Vallee in France from 1998 to 1999. Kra earned her bachelor's degree in mathematics, cum laude, at Harvard University in 1988. She earned her master's and doctoral degrees in mathematics at Stanford University in 1990 and 1995, respectively.
Jaeyong Lee studies nonparametric statistics, problems with an infinite number of dimensions, and he does so with the use of a theoretical approach that's not common among many statisticians. His Bayesian approach differs from the typical frequentist approach most other statisticians bring to their work. "Frequentists interpret probability as a frequency. When you say the probability of getting a head in a coin toss is half, it means if you toss a coin infinitely many times, about half of the times a head will turn up. So, it relies on the concept of repeated experiments. That's a typical example," Lee says. "But, you can have different types of probabilities. "For example, if they say there's a 70 percent chance of rain tomorrow, their frequency interpretation cannot be applied because there is only one tomorrow. Frequentists rely on being able to repeat something many times and there are situations when a frequency is not available." A fairly recent statistical innovation--the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method, a computation tool that uses computers combined with probability theory--has taken advantage of the power of computers and increased the standing of Bayesian statisticians during the past decade. "These days Bayesians can apply our paradigm more than the freuquentists because of the technology, and the approach has become more popular," Lee says. "In many standard problems, the solutions of Bayesians and frequentists are comparable. But, whenever the models become extremely complex, frequentists usually have difficulty and some frequentists even use Bayesian models." While Lee's approach remains a minority discipline in general and within the Department of Statistics at Penn State, he enjoys the atmosphere of the large university and anticipates collaborations with many of the department's other members--learning more about their methods and sharing information about his own theoretical approaches. Lee joined the Penn State faculty for the fall 2000 semester. As a visiting assistant professor at Duke University for the past year, he has served as an instructor and teaching assistant for a variety of courses, ranging from elementary statistics and calculus to upper-level courses that focus on experimental statistics. He also served as a postdoctoral fellow at the National Institute of Statistical Science from 1998 to 2000. He was a research associate at Duke University from 1998 to 1999. He was a researcher at the Korea Rural Economic Institute in 1992 and helped plan a nationwide sampling of rural income. Lee earned his bachelor's degree in computer science and statistics at Seoul National University in 1989. He earned a master's degree in statistics at Seoul National University in 1991 and a master's degree in statistics at the University of Nebraska in 1994. He earned his doctoral degree in statistics at Purdue University in 1998.
Jia Li studies statistical classification and modeling with a variety of applications, including genomic data analysis. Previously, Li's research focused on statistical modeling for image classification and vector quantization. With her move to Penn State, she also moved on to a different phase of her career. "It's not difficult to switch research directions because many of the statistical fundamentals remain the same," Li says. "It's more of a change in application." Support from throughout the department has helped Li make the change much easier. She also understands the importance of interdisciplinary research, having worked extensively on applying statistical models to image processing during her doctoral work. "My electrical-engineering work was connected tightly with statistics. I have greatly enjoyed developing statistical algorithms for engineering problems," Li says. "Biostatistics is also an exciting and important field, which I'm interested in. With the friendly and active environment here at Penn State, I believe I could obtain sufficient support for looking into this new field." Li joined the Penn State faculty for the fall 2000 semester. She was a research and teaching assistant in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Stanford University from 1993 to 1999. She worked as a research associate for the Department of Computer Science at Stanford University in the summer of 1999. She did research at Interval Research Corporation in Palo Alto, California, in 1996, at Microsoft-Vxtreme in Sunnyvale, California, in 1997, and at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center for the past year. Li earned a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering, with highest distinction, at Xi'an Jiaotong University (China) in 1993. She earned a master's degree in electrical engineering in 1995 and a master's degree in statistics in 1998, both at Stanford University. She received a doctorate in electrical engineering at Stanford University in 1999.
Runze "Richard" Li is a statistician with interests that include model selection, local modeling, multivariate analysis, functional data analysis, and quasi-Monte Carlo methods. His primary research focus has been on the topics of variable selection and nonparametric regression. His work with variable selection, a fundamental aspect of high-dimension statistical modeling, has produced an approach based on penalized likelihood. The technique involves the introduction of nonconcave penalty functions with singularities at zero in order to produce sparse solutions. With the use of penalty functions, his models delete insignificant variables by estimating their coefficients to be zero, allowing the simultaneous selection of significant variables and estimation of parameters. With proper choice of regularization parameters, oracle properties of the proposed approaches have been established in his work. Using nonparametric techniques, Li also addresses functional data analysis. He deals with estimation and statistical inferences for generalized varying coefficient models. He and his collaborators have proposed efficient estimators of varying coefficient functions through local polynomial regression, established the asymptotic normality of the resulting estimators, and derived and empirically tested the standard error formulae for estimated coefficients. By joining the faculty at Penn State, he anticipates the opportunity to collaborate with fellow faculty members such as Bruce Lindsay, professor of statistics and director of the Center for Likelihood Studies, and C.R. Rao, Holder of the Eberly Family Chair in Statistics and director of the Center for Multivariate Analysis. "It's a thrill be able to work with people who are so knowledgeable and well-respected," Li says. "With professors Lindsay and Rao, and all the other faculty members, it's a strong department that provides a wonderful opportunity." Li joined the Penn State faculty for the fall 2000 semester. He had served as an instructor and teaching assistant for statistics classes at the University of North Carolina from 1996 to 1999 and worked as a mathematics instructor at a high school in Beijing, China, in the spring of 1990. He earned his bachelor's degree in mathematics, with honors, at Beijing Normal University in 1990. He earned his master's degree in statistics, with honors, at Academia Sinica in Beijing in 1993. He earned his doctoral degree in statistics at the University of North Carolina in 2000.
Ari Mizel studies condensed-matter theory, specifically nanostructures, quantum computation, and vortex dynamics. As a recent addition to the Department of Physics, which boasts a well-deserved reputation as a world leader in condensed-matter research, Mizel's theoretical work brings a somewhat different perspective to the department. He seeks "bizarre quantum effects" in solids. This has led him to the investigation of varied condensed-matter systems, from nanostructures to superconductors. He practices his work with as much care and energy as his counterparts, and he admits he also approaches his work with a different outlook. "In the physics community, it's extremely difficult if you propose a wacky idea because people will call you on it, either just as a knee-jerk reaction or with well-thought-out questions," Mizel says. "Science has well-established approaches and techniques that are universally accepted and that lead to good science--but it can also be productive to try strange directions." Mizel says he sometimes drops caution and chases unlikely questions.
Mizel joined the Penn State faculty for the fall 2000 semester. For him, the combination of academic excellence in the department and interpersonal comfort made for a welcome home. "It was never a matter of 'Why Penn State?' for my work," Mizel says. "Because of all its strengths it was more a matter of 'Why not Penn State?' and there were no good reasons not to be here." Mizel had been a postdoctoral researcher at the Technion, Israel's Institute of Technology, since 1999. He earned his bachelor's degree in physics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1994, his master's degree in physics at the University of California at Berkeley in 1996, and his doctoral degree in physics at the University of California at Berkeley in 1999. He worked with two different undergraduate research programs at Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1992 to 1994 and worked as a physics instructor at the University of California at Berkeley from 1994 to 1999. He also worked as an astronomy professor at San Quentin Prison, through Patten College, from 1998 to 1999. He has received numerous awards, including a National Science Foundation Fellowship from 1995 to 1998, and was named Outstanding Graduate Student Instructor at the University of California at Berkeley in 1996.
Eric Post studies the impact of climate change and large herbivores on ecosystems. His research focuses on how climate change impacts the behavior, development, and growth of animals and how the action of those animals affects their environment. His research includes matters such as community dynamics, life history theory, and predator-prey relations. "What we have shown so far is that large herbivores are susceptible to changes in climate," Post says. "Now we're looking at how the ecosystem responds to the way herbivores respond to the climate. It looks like the effect large herbivores have on vegetation in some northern ecosystems is much greater than the effect of CO2 or temperature." Among the focus of Post's research have been caribou in Alaska and red deer in Norway. He believes his interest in large mammals can be traced to his childhood, when he often watched sheep graze on his family's farm in Wisconsin and wondered about their impact on the environment. He joined the Penn State faculty for the fall 2000 semester and believes the University and the Department of Biology provide a good fit for his continued research efforts. "The other faculty members and overall support have been fantastic," Post says. "As a result, making the transition from post doc to faculty member has been easy, and having my own office helps greatly in terms of resources and room for my research." Another area of interest for Post are issues of community stability--especially those of small populations--in relation to global change. "In one study of a small wolf population with about 30 animals, my feeling is that the risk to those wolves of extinction is much greater from any kind of climactic catastrophe than it is from inbreeding," Post says. "So, my research might evolve toward a stronger biodiversity or conservation-biology perspective." Post earned his bachelor's degree in biology at the University of Minnesota in 1989. He earned his doctoral degree in biology at the University of Alaska in 1995.
Peter Schiffer's research includes a focus on two greatly different fields, thermodynamic measurements on novel magnetic materials and the study of wet granular materials. The fields differ in the amount of experimental and theoretical history associated with each. While thermodynamic measurements--such as heat capacity, magnetization, and thermal conductivity--on novel magnetic materials are well documented, the same does not hold true for the study of wet granular materials. Researchers can explain what happens when forces act on dry granular materials, but the addition of moisture in those environments makes things much more difficult to understand. "Looking at granular materials after they get wet and begin clumping ... you get a completely different dynamic," Schiffer says. "Even simple questions do not produce good answers. There's really no good theoretical framework." Conversely, a lot already is known about the physical properties of magnetic materials, and those who study it at Penn State represent a big part of the reason for Schiffer's arrival at the University. He joined the Penn State faculty for the fall 2000 semester. He had been an assistant professor of physics at the University of Notre Dame since 1995. "There are a lot of people at Penn State who have similar research interests in condensed-matter physics, both theorists and experimentalists," Schiffer says. "You look at all the people in condensed-matter physics here and they're all really strong scientists. It makes for a great environment." He earned his bachelor's degree in physics, with distinction, at Yale University in 1988 and his doctoral degree in physics from Stanford University in 1993. He completed postdoctoral work at AT&T Bell Laboratories from 1993 to 1995. He has earned numerous awards, including a Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers from the Army Research Office in 1998, an Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship in 1997, and a Faculty Early Career Development Award (CAREER) from the National Science Foundation in 1997.
Serge Tabachnikov studies mathematical billiards, an area he describes as "a big intersection of many major highways." Those highways, or approaches and theories, allow Tabachnikov to apply principles of mathematics and physics to his work that represents a portion of dynamical systems. For him, the combination of apparent simplicity and overwhelming challenges make billiards quite appealing. "It's not a field that requires years of study to formulate a good question," Tabachnikov says. "A good question in this area can be understood by almost anyone. But, many problems are easy to state--they're just not easy to solve." Along with his research, Tabachnikov also serves as director of the Mathematics Advanced Study Semesters (MASS). Since the fall semester of 1996, the MASS program has provided a comprehensive mathematical environment for talented undergraduate students selected from U.S. colleges and universities. The program combines advanced learning with research initiation. Every fall semester, the program attracts students who follow a three-course curriculum and also participate in regular colloquiums and seminars. "It's a unique program for talented students who are interested in mathematics and motivated to learn more," Tabachnikov says. "They live together, work together, and are very much immersed in mathematics. It's a challenge for us as faculty members to meet their standards and we also share with them the best-kept secret--that, unlike high school, mathematics is united. There is not a shelf for algebra and a separate shelf for calculus or geometry, our courses are designed so they see how the same basic ideas emerge and reemerge at different times and at different places." Tabachnikov joined the Penn State faculty for the fall 2000 semester. He had been an associate professor of mathematics at the University of Arkansas since 1995. Tabachnikov earned his master's degree in mathematics, with honors, at Moscow State Pedagogical University in 1978. He earned his doctoral degree in mathematics at Moscow State University in 1987. He worked as a mathematics teacher at Special High School for Mathematics No. 2 in Moscow from 1978 to 1979 and was assistant professor and program coordinator for the School of Mathematics by Correspondence from 1979 to 1988. He was head of the mathematics department at Kuant magazine, published by the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow from 1988 to 1990. He was an assistant professor of mathematics at the University of Arkansas from 1990 to 1995. He served as a visiting fellow at the University of Cambridge from 1994 to 1995 and a visiting professor at the Max Planck Institute in Germany from 1995 to 1996.
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