Honoris Causa

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Science Journal, Spring 1999 -- Vol 16, No. 1 

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A. Welford Castleman, Jr., Evan Pugh Professor of Chemistry, has been appointed as the holder of the Eberly Family Distinguished Chair in Science and has been elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences, considered one of the highest honors for a U.S. scientist or engineer.  He also has been elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a prestigious honor given to leading scholars and professionals in science, public affairs, and the arts, and to the New York Academy of Science.

The Eberly Family Distinguished Chair in Science was established in 1986 when the Eberly Family Charitable Trust of Uniontown, Pennsylvania, established $1 million endowments for each of eight faculty chairs in the Penn State Eberly College of Science.  The chair is one of the highest honors awarded to Eberly College of Science faculty members.

Castleman is one of three chemists among sixty new members elected to the National Academy of Sciences in recognition of distinguished and continuing achievements in original research.  The National Academy of Sciences is a private organization of scientists and engineers established by the congress in 1863 to act as an official adviser to the federal government in matters involving science or technology.  The organization now includes 1,798 active members.  Castleman also is among the 146 new Fellows elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, which now includes 3500 active Fellows and 600 Foreign Honorary Members, and he is among 19 new Fellows of the New York Academy of Science, which is an independent, nonprofit organization with nearly 50,000 members in more than 160 countries.

Castleman's research concerns ultra-small nanoscale particles and their chemical and physical behavior in the gas and the condensed, or solid, phases of matter.  Reactions at this minute scale often involve new phenomena, sometimes caused by the structure and bonding of the molecules involved and sometimes caused by "quantum confinement," or the influence of restricted geometries on the energy levels of the system.  Castleman and his group are pioneers of this challenging and forefront subject in chemical physics. Ý

In 1992 Castleman discovered a new class of ball-shaped molecular clusters called metallocarbohedrenes, or Met-Cars, that have since become important subjects of research worldwide.Ý More recently, he and his group uncovered the role of aggregation in the mechanism of sudden and violent Coulomb explosions in molecular clusters subjected to intense ultrafast laser radiation.  As part of this research, the Castleman team is now developing a method to stop chemical reactions at lightning-fast femtosecond speeds.  The technique provides a new way of observing the progress of ultrafast reactions by direct detection of intermediate compounds at defined times during the reaction.  Castleman and his group are applying their cluster research to important problems in materials research, atmospheric and environmental chemistry, catalysis, biochemical reactions, and femtosecond laser techniques.Ý

He joined the Penn State faculty in 1982 after serving as a group leader at Brookhaven National Laboratory from 1958 to 1975, as adjunct professor in the Departments of Mechanics and Earth and Space Sciences at the State University of New York at Stony Brook from 1973 to 1975, and as professor of chemistry and Fellow of the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences at the University of Colorado at Boulder from 1975 until joining the Penn State faculty in 1982.  He was awarded the distinction of the Evan Pugh Professor title in 1986.Ý Castleman is both a researcher and a member of the advisory board for the Consortium for Nanostructured Materials, and is both a researcher and member of the executive committee of the Penn State Center for Materials Physics.

Castleman was named a Fulbright Senior Scholar in 1989, received the American Chemical Society Award for Creative Advances in Environmental Science and Technology in 1988, was awarded a Doktors Honoris Causa from the University of Innsbruck, Austria in 1987, was named a U.S. Senior Scientist von Humboldt Awardee in 1986, was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Physical Society in 1985, was elected a Senior Fellow of the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science in 1985, and was given the Sherman Fairchild Distinguished Scholar award of the California Institute of Technology in 1977.

He is currently editor-in-chief of a new physics book series devoted to cluster science published by Springer Verlag, is advisory editor of Chemical Physics Letters, and is serving on editorial boards for the research publications Advances in Chemical Physics, Research Trends, Understanding Chemical Reactivity, and the Journal of Cluster Science.Ý He served as senior editor of the Journal of Physical Chemistry from 1988 to 1998, as co-editor of Zeitschrift fuer Physik D from 1987 to 1992, and as a member of the editorial boards of several other professional journals in his field.

Roger Penrose, the Francis R. and Helen M. Pentz Distinguished Professor of Physics at Penn State and a member of the Penn State Center for Gravitational Physics and Geometry, has been elected a foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences.  Foreign associates are nonvoting members of the National Academy of Sciences who hold citizenship outside the United States.  According to the academy, the number of foreign associates currently is 310.

Penrose also is Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics at Oxford University in England.  He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of London, University College in London, and Wadham College at Oxford University, and is an Honorary Fellow of St. John's College at Cambridge University.

Penrose has earned numerous awards and honors for his contributions to the fields of astrophysics and mathematics, including the Adams Prize of Cambridge University; the Dannie Heineman Prize of the American Physical Society and the American Institute of Physics; the First Prize of the Gravity Research Foundation; the Eddington Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society; the Royal Medal of the Royal Society; the Wolf Foundation Prize for Physics; the Dirac Prize and Medal of the British Institute of Physics; the Einstein Prize and Medal of the Albert Einstein Society; and the Naylor Prize of the London Mathematical Society.

A prolific author, Penrose won the Science Book Prize sponsored by the British Science Museum and COPUS in 1998, for his popular science book titled The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds, and the Laws of Physics.  Another of his popular books is The Nature of Space and Time, which he co-authored with Steven Jay Hawking in 1986.  In addition, Penrose has been knighted by Queen Elizabeth for his contributions to science.

The Fyssen Foundation has selected Alan Walker, distinguished professor of anthropology and biology at Penn State, to receive its International Prize during a ceremony in Paris, France, this spring.

The Fyssen Foundation aims to encourage scientific inquiry into such cognitive mechanisms as thought and reasoning, which underlie animal and human behavior.  The organization's International Prize, which includes a monetary grant of 200,000 French francs--approximately $34,000--is awarded annually to a scientist who has conducted distinguished research in ethology, human paleontology, anthropology, psychology, epistemology, logic, or the neurosciences.  Walker was selected for his distinguished contributions to knowledge in the field of human origins.

Walker is one of the world's foremost experts on the evolution of primates and humans.  His research involves searching for primate and human fossils in rocks dated from about 30 million to 1 million years ago and conducting laboratory analyses of the fossils to extract as much environmental and behavioral information from them as possible.  He pioneered the study of living primates as a basis for the analysis of fossils and was one of the first to use scanning electron microscope studies of enamel microwear on teeth to understand the diets of extinct mammals.

He has made many important discoveries during the past three decades at paleontological digs in Africa with his collaborators Richard and Meave Leakey, including a famous hominid specimen known as "The Black Skull."  In 1995 he and Meave Leakey discovered the skeletal remains of a previously unknown species in the human lineage, which they named Australopithecus anamensis, that lived about 4 million years ago.  One of the surprising revelations resulting from his subsequent analysis of these remains is that these ancestors of humans were walking upright that long ago.

The book he co-authored with Richard Leakey describing and analyzing a famous Homo erectus skeleton was awarded the Association of American Publishers Prize for Best Book in Sociology and Anthropology in 1993.  In 1997 a book he co-authored with his wife, Pat Shipman, Penn State adjunct professor of anthropology, won the General Prize in the Rhône-Poulenc Prizes for Science Books, which has been described as the most prestigious prize for science writing in the English language worldwide, for their book titled The Wisdom of the Bones: In Search of Human Origins.

Walker was honored with a Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship in 1986 and the Distinguished Scientist Award from the Center for the Study of Evolution and the Origin of Life in 1992.  He was named a MacArthur Fellow in 1988 and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1996.

Walker taught anatomy at the Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine in London; the Makerere University College in Kampala, Uganda; and the University of Nairobi in Kenya before moving to the United States in 1973.  From 1974 to 1978 he was a faculty member at Harvard University, where he was associated with the Harvard Medical School, the Peabody Museum, and the Department of Biology.  He was a professor of cell biology and anatomy at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine from 1978 until he joined the Penn State faculty in 1995.

Some previous recipients of this prestigious award include Vernon Montcastle, of Johns Hopkins University, a National Medal of Science winner whose pioneering work on the cerebral cortex was the training ground for students who went on to win Nobel Prizes; Luca Cavalli-Sforza, a geneticist at Stanford University, who is well known for his contribution to the understanding of human genetic variability; and William D. Hamilton, of Oxford University in England, the winner of the 1993 Crafoord Prize who is perhaps most well known for his research on kin selection in evolution.

Alexander Wolszczan, distinguished professor of astronomy and astrophysics, has been named an Evan Pugh Professor, the highest honor Penn State bestows on a faculty member, and has received the Commander Cross of the Order of Merit Award from the president of Poland for his "distinguished contribution to the development of Polish science."

Wolszczan is the discoverer of the first planets ever found outside our solar system.  In 1992, he used the 1000-foot Arecibo radiotelescope to detect three planets orbiting a pulsar, a rapidly-spinning neutron star.  His discovery, which suggested that planets may be plentiful throughout the universe, opened the door to the current intense era of planet hunting.  His research interests include neutron stars and their structures, interstellar matter, and the applications of radio pulsars as probes to investigate phenomena in physics and astrophysics.

Among the innovations developed in Wolszczan's lab is the Penn State Pulsar Machine, a tool now in use at the Arecibo Observatory of the National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center that yields precise information on the physical properties of rapidly rotating neutron stars.

Evan Pugh professorships are awarded to faculty members whose "research publications or creative work or both have been of the highest quality over a period of time, and further to candidates who show evidence of having contributed significantly to the education of students who later achieve recognition for excellence in the candidates' discipline or interdisciplinary areas."

The Commander Cross of the Order of Merit Award was established in 1921 and is one of the three top awards granted by the president of Poland for extraordinary achievements in service to the country and to society.  Among his previous awards, Wolszczan received both the Casimir Funk Natural Sciences Award from the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America and the Beatrice M. Tinsley Award from the American Astronomical Society in 1996, the Penn State Faculty Scholar Medal for Outstanding Achievement in 1994, the Popular Science Grand Award for "Best of What's New" in 1994, the Alfred Jurzykowski Foundation Award in 1993, and the Annual Award of the Foundation for Polish Science in 1992.

Stephen J. Benkovic, Evan Pugh Professor of Chemistry and Holder of the Eberly Family Chair in Chemistry, has been honored by the American Institute of Chemists with its prestigious Chemical Pioneer award.  The award recognizes chemists and chemical engineers who have made outstanding contributions that have had a major impact on advances in chemical science and industry or the chemical profession.

Benkovic also has been named to the University of Chicago Board of Governors for Argonne National Laboratory, the largest federally funded scientific laboratory in the Midwest.  Argonne National Laboratory is operated by the University of Chicago as part of the U. S. Department of Energy's national laboratory system.

Benkovic is known for his biochemistry research, especially his work on the mechanisms of enzyme reactions.  He is perhaps best known for his quantitative analysis of how enzymes catalyze the chemical transformations of their substrates.  His research has led to the development of a new generation of antifolates for cancer therapy, to an understanding of how the HIV-1 virus develops mutations that contribute to its resistance to AIDS drugs, to insights into how the protein machinery for DNA replication is organized, and to the creation of catalytic antibodies for potential medical applications.  His analysis of the mechanism of action of enzymes, coupled with his innovative design principles, place him in the vanguard of the research effort to manipulate their properties.

His previous awards include the Eastman Kodak Scientific Award in 1962, the Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship from 1968 to 1974, the National Institutes of Health Career Development Award from 1969 to 1974, a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1976, the Pfizer Enzyme Award in 1977, the Gowland Hopkins Award in 1986, the Arthur C. Cope Scholar Award in 1988, the National Institutes of Health Merit Award in 1988, the Repligen Award in 1989, the Bicentennial Scientific Achievement Award of the City College of New York in 1990, and the Alfred Bader Award of the American Chemical Society in 1994.  Benkovic was named a member of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences in 1995, a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1984, a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1985, and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1987.

Jerry L. Workman, associate professor of biochemistry and molecular biology and associate investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, has been selected as a Stohlman Scholar by the Leukemia Society of America.  Workman was chosen for his work in the "function of oncogenic and regulatory factors in chromatin."  Research in Workman's lab involves the mechanisms of gene regulation.  "In particular," Workman says, "we study the identification and characterization of protein complexes that disrupt or modify the structures of chromosomes and turn on gene expression."  His research concerns a central process in gene regulation--how teams of molecules function as chromosome-remodeling machines that unlock the cell's genetic codes.  A chromosome, the gene-containing structure in a cell's nucleus, is a rope-like molecule of DNA tangled up with proteins.  "Our studies analyze chromosome-modifying protein complexes from yeast and human cells that should render new insights into the development of cancers and other human diseases that result from aberrant gene expression," Workman explains.

Among his many awards, Workman held a Leukemia Society of America Special Fellowship from 1989 to 1992, served in several capacities on the National Institutes of Health Reviewers Reserve from 1993 to the present, and received a Leukemia Society of America Scholars Award from 1993 to 1998.  He was awarded an Honorary Lifetime Membership in the Japanese Biochemical Society and was appointed an associate investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in 1997.  In 1998 he became an editor of the journal Molecular and Cellular Biology.

Mallouk is the author or co-author of over 140 research publications and has edited three books on solid-state synthesis, interfacial chemistry, and chemical sensors.  He also enjoys teaching and has been involved in the development of materials-chemistry experiments for use in undergraduate chemistry courses.

Andrew Ewing, professor of chemistry and adjunct professor of neuroscience and anatomy, has been named Penn State's first J. Lloyd Huck Chair in Natural Sciences.

Ewing is one of the world's foremost leaders in developing microscale techniques and tools for understanding fundamental processes within the brain's individual cells.  His techniques for measuring chemicals in the brain have enabled scientists to study the excretion of single neurotransmitter molecules from single nerve cells--a fundamental process whose understanding neuroscientists declared to be a top priority for the Decade of the Brain during the 1990s.  "The importance of this work is that it provides a means to examine mechanisms of normal neuronal function as well as abnormal neuronal function associated with illness," Ewing says.

Ewing's research has resulted in two major methods for monitoring nerve cells during their communications with each other: an electrochemistry technique using very small electrodes and a capillary electrophoresis technique capable of analyzing volumes less than one-millionth of a rain drop--the most important new technique developed in the last quarter century for separating the components of brain cells.  His paper covering these two topics was twice listed by Science Watch as the second most cited paper in all of chemistry in 1991.

In recognition of his research contributions, Ewing received the National Science Foundation Young Investigator Award in 1987, the Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship in 1989, and the Swedish Medical Council Visiting Scientist Fellowship in 1991.  He was honored with Penn State's Faculty Scholar Medal in Physical Sciences and Engineering in 1994 and with the Graduate Faculty Teaching Award in 1997.  He is the author or co-author of more than 140 publications and currently is serving on the editorial advisory boards for the research publications Journal of Microcolumn Separations, Journal of Capillary Electrophoresis, Electrophoresis, and Analytical Chemistry.

The J. Lloyd Huck Chair in Natural Sciences was established in 1990 with a generous gift from J. Lloyd Huck and Dorothy F. Huck.  Lloyd Huck, a retired chairman of Merck & Co., is a Trustee emeritus of the University and holds a volunteer leadership position in Penn State's current capital campaign.  Dorothy Foehr Huck has long held volunteer posts on behalf of the University.

Jainendra K. Jain has been named Penn State's first Erwin W. Mueller Professor of Physics.  Jain, who joined the Penn State faculty in the fall of 1998, is a condensed-matter theorist who is interested in the physics of low-dimensional systems, especially those states in which electrons behave in unexpected ways.  The major focus of his research has been in the field of the "quantum Hall effect," which is a phenomenon that concerns the state of electrons at the interface of two semiconductor materials exposed to a strong magnetic field.

The Erwin W. Mueller Professorship, supported by alumni gifts, was created in 1995 to help Penn State attract and retain a physicist held in the highest regard by contemporaries in the field.  Mueller, who was a member of the Penn State physics faculty from 1952 to 1977, was the first person to "see" an ion, using a field ion microscope of his own invention.  The financial support provided by the endowed professorship will allow its holder to provide leadership in research and in training future physicists at Penn State.

Wolfgang E. Ernst, professor of physics and chemistry, Paul E. Sokol, professor of physics, and Mark Strikman, professor of physics, have been elected as Fellows of the American Physical Society.

Wolfgang E. Ernst's election to the Society was based on his "contributions to high-resolution laser spectroscopy of diatomic molecules at high sensitivity and definitive spectroscopic experiments on alkali trimers and their interpretation."  Sokol was cited for his outstanding contributions to physics research as a result of his "neutron scattering studies of 3He and 4He," the two stable isotopes of helium.  Strikman was cited for "developing light cone techniques for nuclear systems, applying these to deep inelastic scattering, and for original contributions related to understanding and measuring the effects of color transparency."  Ernst's research concerns the physics and physical chemistry of molecules and aggregates of molecules or atoms, called clusters.  Ernst explains, "My students and I study the interaction of electrons and atomic nuclei in molecules and clusters.  We are interested in metals and metal oxides because knowledge of these interactions can lead to a better understanding of the electronic and chemical properties of new materials."

Paul E. Sokol uses neutron-scattering techniques to study helium 3 and helium 4, the two stable isotopes of helium, at temperatures approaching absolute zero, when they become a quantum liquid with the extraordinary properties of a superfluid.  "Quantum liquids are one of the most fascinating and fundamental areas in condensed-matter physics because their properties are dominated by quantum-mechanical effects that lead to strange and unexpected behaviors," Sokol says.  "For example, liquid helium 4 loses all internal frictions when it is cooled to sufficiently low temperature.  It becomes a superfluid that flows without resistance, appearing to be unaffected by gravity, and it conducts heat rapidly and without any loss, appearing to be unaffected by evaporation or condensation," Sokol explains.  "Neutron-scattering studies provide direct information on the microscopic behavior of these atoms that allows us to develop a detailed understanding of the superfluid phase."  Research on superfluids is helping scientists to understand fundamental questions in areas of science ranging from superconductivity in electronic materials to the formation of the structure of the universe seconds after the Big Bang.

 Mark Strikman studies the microscopic properties of atomic nuclei and their primary nucleon constituents, protons and neutrons.  He has demonstrated that, in order to resolve the fine details of microscopic nuclear structure that have eluded low-energy probes, it is necessary to use high-energy reactions in which large amounts of energy and momentum are transferred to the target nucleons.  "Since mathematical methods used in low-energy nuclear physics cannot be applied in these cases, we developed a new mathematical framework for description of such processes," he says.  Strikman has predicted a number of new effects--several that recently were observed experimentally and several more that currently are the subjects of experiments at various high-energy accelerators.
 
 

The Alfred P. Sloan Foundation has selected William Nielsen Brandt, assistant professor of astronomy and astrophysics; Yong-Baek Kim, assistant professor of physics; Karl Mueller, assistant professor of chemistry; and Ken Ono, assistant professor of mathematics, as Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellows.  The foundation awards one hundred fellowships annually to faculty in the United States and Canada who are in the early stages of their research careers and who have exceptional promise to contribute to the advancement of knowledge in physics, chemistry, computer science, mathematics, neuroscience, or economics.

William Nielsen Brandt's research focuses on giant black holes that lie at the hearts of galaxies with very active centers, known as active galactic nuclei.  "I use the X-rays emitted by the gas swirling around the central black hole as a 'flashlight' to 'X-ray' material in the galaxy's nucleus," Brandt explains.  By analyzing the spectra and variability of the X-rays, he hopes to determine the precise mechanisms by which X-rays are emitted and to measure the rates at which the supermassive black holes are swallowing matter.  He also is attempting to use X-ray data to discover new active galactic nuclei.  Brandt primarily uses data from the ASCA and ROSAT satellites, and he hopes to use data from NASA's soon-to-be-launched Chandra X-ray Observatory, which was designed and built by a large group of scientists including Penn State's Gordon Garmire, Evan Pugh Professor of Astronomy and Astrophysics, and his research team at Penn State.

In addition to the Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship, Brandt recently received a grant from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Long-Term Space Astrophysics program to support his research as well as his education and public-outreach initiatives with the Penn State Inservice Workshops in Astronomy.

Yong-Baek Kim's research is in the field of theoretical condensed-matter physics.  His interests include two-dimensional interacting electrons in very high magnetic fields, known as the quantum Hall effect; two-dimensional metal-insulator transition in the presence of interaction and disorder; high-temperature superconductivity; and transport properties of other transition-metal oxides.  "I also have been working on a theory to describe strongly-interacting electrons that cannot be described by the conventional weak-coupling approach," he says.

 Karl Mueller and his research group examine the solid-state structure and chemistry of natural and synthetic materials through the development and application of new nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic techniques.  "A dominant theme of my research is the simplification of complex solid-state NMR experiments to the point where we can make excellent qualitative or quantitative determinations of local structure and chemistry," Mueller says.  His research program's interests and accomplishments have ranged from the direct measurement of a number of internuclear distances in bound biomolecules to the investigation of the molecular-level structure of acid sites in a number of solid-catalyst systems.  Mueller says he plans to use the support provided by the Sloan Foundation Fellowship to further his lab's development of new methods and techniques.  "Practical applications of these techniques will greatly enhance and facilitate the atomic-level characterization of structure and chemistry in complicated systems and new materials, including pharmaceuticals used for the treatment of cancer," he adds.

Mueller's previous awards include the Camille and Henry Dreyfus New Faculty Award in 1993, the National Science Foundation Young Investigator Award in 1994, both the Research Corporation Cottrell Scholar Award and the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation Young Investigator Award in 1996, and the Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Award in 1997.

Ken Ono, whose primary research interest is number theory, has written more than fifty research papers about elliptic curves, modular forms, and partitions--which he describes as "breaking a number up into sums." "I am interested in numbers because they are simply very cool," Ono says.  "For example, you can partition the number 5 in seven different ways: 5, 4+1, 3+2, 3+1+1, 2+2+1, 2+1+1+1, and 1+1+1+1+1." His recent work on partitions has led to surprising new perspectives on the deeper structure of connections between partitions and complicated abstract objects in other areas of mathematics.  For example, he has used his work on partitions to devise a new method for studying points on elliptic curves, one of the main objects in the recently celebrated proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, which for decades was the world's most famous unsolved mathematical problem.  Regarding families of elliptic curves, another of Ono's interests in number theory, he says, "we are just beginning to learn about the most basic question: when do these curves have points?"

In addition to his research, Ono plans to promote mathematics education at all levels by mentoring students in National Youth Science Foundation summer workshops.  He also intends to enhance opportunities for graduate and postdoctoral students working in combinatorics and number theory at Penn State.

The Sloan Research Fellowship Program, which was established in 1955, is one of the oldest fellowship programs in the nation.  Sloan Fellows receive highly unrestricted grants of $35,000 for a two-year period, with which they are free to pursue whatever lines of research inquiry are of most interest to them.  According to the foundation, this flexibility often is of great value to young scientists who are at a pivotal stage in establishing an independent research program.

Vincent Crespi, assistant professor of physics; James Marden, assistant professor of biology; Ken Ono, assistant professor of mathematics; and John Yeazell, assistant professor of physics, have received Faculty Early Career Development Awards from the National Science Foundation, which the agency describes as its highest award for new faculty.  The award provides five years of funding to stimulate the early development of academic careers in science and engineering and to support the critical roles played by faculty members in integrating research and education.

 Vincent Crespisays, "In addition to supporting research on the electronic properties of nanometer-scale systems,
the award also will support education and outreach through a site named 'What's It Made Of?' on the World Wide Web, where Penn State faculty can explain the science and engineering of everyday materials to a wide public audience."  His research, which aims to develop a broad framework of knowledge in the condensed-matter physics of materials, currently focuses on novel semiconductors, structural energies of materials, electron transport, and superconductivity.  A critical aspect of his research strategy is close collaboration with experimentalists.  Among the applications he is interested in are novel carbon-tubule-based nano-devices, one-billionth of a meter in size.  He is studying their synthesis, mechanical properties, and electronic structures, including certain mechanical deformations that have a powerful influence on the semiconducting bandgap.  "Should controlled synthesis be possible, one can speculate on long-term applications in detectors and signal processing," Crespi says.  Among his other honors, Crespi received the Packard Fellowship in Science and Engineering in 1998 and the Research Corporation Innovation Award in 1999.

 

James H. Marden says he is "interested in how animals work and why they work that way."  He investigates detailed processes of animal physiology, along with ecological and historical reasons for the evolution of certain physiological mechanisms, particularly those involved in flight.  Marden focuses primarily on flying insects because they are "readily available, fantastically diverse, and ecologically and economically important."   His present research projects include the study of age-related changes in muscle physiology and thermal biology during adult maturation in dragonflies, the evolution of insect flight using stoneflies as model organisms, and performance physiology of free-flying fruitflies.  "I also am broadly interested in locomotion, particularly its effect on an animal's fitness and ecology," he says.  Marden currently is collaborating in research that examines the mechanics and kinematics of running in lizards.  The award will support his research on a project titled "Evolution of Flight."

Ken Ono, whose primary research interest is number theory, has written more than fifty research papers about elliptic curves, modular forms, and partitions--which he describes as "breaking a number up into sums."  Regarding families of elliptic curves, another of Ono's interests in number theory, he says, "we are just beginning to learn about the most basic question: when do these curves have points?"

The award will support Ono's research on a project titled "Topics in Number Theory."  In addition to his research, Ono plans to promote mathematics education at all levels by mentoring students in National Youth Science Foundation summer workshops.  He also intends to enhance opportunities for graduate and postdoctoral students working in combinatorics and number theory at Penn State. He currently is a National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Fellow and a National Security Agency Young Investigator.

 
  John Yeazell performs research with atoms in highly excited states, known as Rydberg states, which he creates by optically exciting an atom's electron so that it is only weakly bound to the nucleus.  "Rydberg states are an ideal system to work with when you want to do experiments in modern atomic physics," Yeazell says.  "These atoms are unique because they are macroscopic in size and have huge dipole moments, classical characteristics, and long coherence times."  By working with wavepackets formed from atoms in Rydberg states, Yeazell has successfully developed schemes for their excitation and detection and has observed their quantum chaotic behavior in a strong magnetic field.

"My research focuses on engineering special-purpose wavepackets and developing the analytical tools to measure them," Yeazell says.  "These wavepackets offer a language for describing dynamical processes, especially ultrafast processes, in physics and chemistry," Yeazell explains.  "They also may serve as components in a wide variety of systems involving coherent control, quantum information, and quantum measurement."

Wolfgang E. Ernst, professor of physics and chemistry, and Jerry L. Workman, associate professor of biochemistry and molecular biology, have received Penn State Faculty Scholar Medals for Outstanding Achievement.  Established in 1980, the award recognizes scholarly or creative excellence represented by a single contribution or series of contributions around a coherent theme.  A committee of faculty peers reviews nominations and selects candidates.

Wolfgang E. Ernst received the Physical Sciences Medal for his definitive spectroscopic measurements on alkali trimers and their interpretation.  Trimers are molecules composed of three identical, simpler molecules.  His development of a unique laser spectroscopy-based apparatus to study these trimers allowed him to discover that the sodium trimer does not show the theoretically predicted geometric phase.  This discovery has relevance not only to sodium but to all small metal clusters, and it has stimulated new theoretical and experimental investigations of trimers.

Jerry L. Workman received the Life and Health Sciences Medal for seminal observations on the biochemical mechanism of how gene expression is regulated in the living cell and the function in that process of chromatin, a substance that forms the chromosomes and contains the genes.

Stéphane Coutu and Vincent H. Crespi, both assistant professors of physics, are among 46 scientists in the United States and Canada to receive Research Innovation Awards from the Research Corporation foundation.  The award is intended to provide support for research projects of newly appointed academic scientists with truly original ideas.  Coutu and Crespi each receive approximately $35,000 in support--Coutu for a project titled "Study of High-Energy Atmospheric Muons," and Crespi for a project titled "Nanoscale Carbon Structural Design: Gas Adsorption and Intertube Networks."

Stéphane Coutu is interested in experimental high-energy particle astrophysics, which he describes as a study of the universe "at the point where the mind-boggingly vast meets the infinitesimally tiny."  The Research Innovation Award will help to support his indirect study of atmospheric neutrinos, which are fundamental particles created in high-energy air showers induced by cosmic rays.  Neutrinos are plentiful throughout the universe but are extremely elusive and difficult to study directly.  "Recent evidence points to the possibility that neutrinos have a small mass, which, if true, would have deep repercussions on our understanding of these basic building blocks of the universe," Coutu explains.  "We plan to learn something about neutrino production rates in the atmosphere by studying their companion particles, called muons, which are produced together with the neutrinos in the same processes."  Coutu will make measurements of atmospheric muons at mountain altitudes up to 14,000 feet from a customized truck and trailer in which he plans to install the NASA-sponsored HEAT telescope.  Most such muon observations to date have been made with different instruments at single locations and elevations.  Coutu plans to measure both positively charged and negatively charged atmospheric muons over a wide energy range with a new order of accuracy.  "Comparisons between the measurements and the predictions of detailed model calculations will provide an absolute reference point for atmospheric neutrino production and will help resolve the difficult issue of neutrino mass," Coutu says.

Vincent H. Crespi's research, which aims to develop a broad framework of knowledge in the condensed-matter physics of materials, focuses on novel semiconductors, structural energies of materials, electron transport, and superconductivity.  A critical aspect of his research strategy is close collaboration with experimentalists.  Among the applications he is interested in are novel carbon-tubule-based nanodevices, one-billionth of a meter in size.  He is studying their synthesis, mechanical properties, and electronic structures, including certain mechanical deformations that have a powerful influence on the semiconducting bandgap.  "Should controlled synthesis be possible, one can speculate on long-term applications in detectors and signal processing," Crespi says.  Among his other honors, Crespi received the Packard Fellowship in Science and Engineering in 1998 and the National Science Foundation Faculty Early Career Development Award in 1999.

The Association of Korean Physicists in America has selected Yong-Baek Kim, assistant professor of physics, as the winner of its 1999 Outstanding Young Researcher Award.  The association gives the award annually to one young Korean physicist working in the United States.  The honor includes a monetary grant.

Kim's research is in the field of theoretical condensed-matter physics.  His interests include two-dimensional interacting electrons in very high magnetic fields, known as the quantum Hall effect; two-dimensional metal-insulator transition in the presence of interaction and disorder; high-temperature superconductivity; and transport properties of other transition-metal oxides.  "I also have been working on a theory to describe strongly-interacting electrons that cannot be described by the conventional weak-coupling approach," he says.

Jorge Pullin, associate professor of physics, has been selected as a Guggenheim Fellow by the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation.  According to the foundation, Guggenheim Fellows are selected on the basis of their unusually distinguished achievements and their exceptional promise for future accomplishments.  Pullin was among 168 scientists, scholars, and artists selected to receive the award in 1998 out of 3,000 candidates.

Pullin is a researcher in the Penn StateCenter for Gravitational Physics and Geometry.  Among his research achievements, he uncovered a previously unrecognized connection between knot theory and quantum gravity, which led to a new way of connecting quantum gravity, topological field theories, and knot theory.  These findings were instrumental in the development of the quantum representation for gravity and gauge fields known as the extended loop representation.

In his research on gravitational-wave astrophysics, Pullin has developed and is attempting to extend a relatively simple approximation, solvable with paper and pencil or a desktop computer, with which to predict efficiently how much gravitational radiation is produced by the collision or merger of two neutron stars or black holes.  The Guggenheim Fellowship will help to support Pullin's study titled "Gravitational Waves from Colliding Black Holes," which is a continuation of his research program.  Pullin plans to use the waveforms generated by the approximation he developed, along with real data from interferometric gravitational-wave detectors, to test schemes for detecting large gravitational waves produced by collisions between black holes.  This work is an important part of the international effort to prepare for the analysis of data expected from the large interferometric gravitational-wave detectors known as LIGO, which are scheduled to be completed during the next few years.

Pullin has received many awards and honors, including both the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellowship and the National Science Foundation Early Career Development Award in 1995.  He is the editor of the newsletter of the American Physical Society's Topical Group in Gravitation and serves on the editorial board of several research publications.  Pullin was recently elected chairman of the Scientific Program Committee for the 16th International Conference of the International Society on General Relativity and Gravitation, which will take place in 2001 in Durban, South Africa.

Xumu Zhang, assistant professor of chemistry, has been honored by the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation with the Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Award.  Considered one of the most prestigious prizes in its field, the award is designed to provide external support to young faculty members during the early stages of their academic careers for continuing their high level of accomplishment in both education and research.

Zhang says the award will provide support for the "development of asymmetric catalysts for the synthesis of chiral drugs and agrochemicals."  Zhang's recent work in asymmetric catalysis is aimed at facilitating the development of efficient, high-yield processes for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compounds known as chiral drugs, a broad category of medications whose therapeutic effectiveness is dependent on the shape and configuration of a drug molecule in addition to its chemical composition.

Though chemically identical, chiral molecules may take either of two mirror-image forms and are therefore said to be either "left-handed" or "right-handed," depending upon the configuration of the molecule in space.  The effectiveness of pharmaceuticals often is based on the precise matching of the drug molecule with the structure of receptors inside the body.  As a result, it is frequently only one of the two mirror-image forms of a molecule that provides therapeutic results.

Among the goals of Zhang's research are to understand the factors that control the formation of these molecules and to develop catalytic techniques for producing them in quantities sufficient for industrial applications in the electronics, pharmaceutical, fragrance, food-additive, and agrochemical industries.  Techniques for producing useful molecular configurations have the ability to increase the efficiency and lower the cost of manufacturing.

In 1994 Zhang received the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation New Faculty Award and in 1996 he was honored with both the Office of Naval Research Young Investigator Award and the DuPont Young Faculty Award.  In 1998, Penn State signed a license with Catalytica Pharmaceuticals, Inc., giving the corporation exclusive worldwide rights to components of the University's patented work in asymmetric catalysis as developed by Zhang's research.  The development agreement includes the ongoing sponsorship of Zhang's laboratory by Catalytica in these areas.  Zhang also is working with E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company to apply his chiral technology to agricultural products.  Other sponsors of Zhang's research include the National Science Foundation and the U. S. Department of the Navy.

Peter C. Jurs, professor and interim head of the Department of Chemistry, has received the Penn State President's Award for Excellence in Academic Integration.  The award was established in 1997 to recognize excellence in the integration of teaching, research, and service.

Jurs' research interests include the application of computer methods to chemical and biological problems.  He has been actively involved in structure-property relationship studies, including prediction of physical, chemical, and analytical properties of organic compounds; and structure-activity relationship studies of biologically active compounds.  His recent work also includes a collaboration aimed at developing an artificial nose using fiber-optic sensor arrays for detection of volatile organic compounds.

A Penn State faculty member since 1969, Jurs' teaching responsibilities at the University have ranged from introductory chemistry through advanced undergraduate courses to graduate courses in analytical chemistry.  He has published a textbook titled Computer Software Applications in Chemistry, which is based on a course he developed.  He has been heavily involved in recent reforms of Penn State's introductory chemistry courses.

Jurs is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and has been active in the American Chemical Society, serving as an elected councilor for the Computer Division and serving on a number of national committees.  He received the American Chemical Society Award for Computers in Chemistry in 1990 and the Eberly College of Science's C.I. Noll Award for Outstanding Undergraduate Teaching in 1995.

Calyampudi R. Rao, Holder of the Eberly Family Chair in Statistics and director of the Center for Multivariate Analysis, has been inducted into the Hall of Fame of the National Institution for Quality and Reliability in India, has been elected a Foreign Member of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, has been honored with the American Statistical Association's Distinguished Achievement Medal, has been awarded the International Association for Ecology's Distinguished Statistical Ecologist Award, and has been awarded his 21st honorary doctorate degree by the University of Brazil.

Rao was honored by the National Institution for Quality and Reliability in India for his pioneering efforts and outstanding contributions to the advancement and promotion of the Quality Movement in India during the last four decades.  Rao has contributed not only to the theoretical development of quality improvement tools and techniques, such as the development of the field of design of experiments, but also to their practical industrial applications in product and process improvements.  According to the institution, Rao was instrumental, when he served as director of the Indian Statistical Institute, in establishing a network of Quality Application Services organizations in various parts of India and in establishing Quality Specialist Development and Training programs at postgraduate and professional levels.

The Lithuanian Academy of Sciences cited Rao for his "highly valuable achievements in the field of mathematical statistics and his support to research institutions of Lithuania."  The Lithuanian Academy of Sciences is an advisory body to the Government of Lithuania in all fields of science.

Rao was selected for the Distinguished Statistical Ecologist Award by the International Association for Ecology's Statistical Ecology Section in recognition of his outstanding contributions to the development of basic concepts and applications in statistical ecology.  The American Statistical Association's Section on Statistics and the Environment honored Rao for his outstanding contributions to the development of methods, issues, concepts, and applications in environmental statistics.

In addition, Rao has received an honorary doctorate degree from the University of Brazil.  The award is the twenty-first distinguished honorary doctorate degree he has received from universities in fourteen countries.

Rao is internationally acknowledged as one of the world's top five statisticians for his multifaceted distinctions as a scientist, teacher, mathematician, and researcher.  His pioneering contributions to mathematics and statistical theory and applications have become part of graduate and postgraduate courses in statistics, econometrics, electrical engineering, and many other disciplines in most universities throughout the world.  He is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences,  an Honorary Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a Fellow of the Royal Society (England), the Indian National Science Academy, and the Third World Academy of Sciences (Italy).

Xiaoxing Xi, assistant professor of physics, has received the K.C. Wong Science and Technology Award from the Chinese Academy of Science.  The award provides financial support that will allow him to conduct collaborative research with scientists in the Chinese Academy of Science.

Xi's research concerns the physics underlying the electronic and photonic applications of metal-oxide thin films, which are used in a variety of devices including superconductor, ferroelectric, nonlinear-optical, electro-optical, and magnetic materials.

His specific project for the K.C. Wong Science and Technology Award involves the heterostructures of high-temperature superconductors and ferroelectric materials, particulary the correlation between deposition conditions and dielectric loss in ferroelectric thin films.

Robert K. Selander, Holder of the Eberly Family Chair in Biology, has been elected a Corresponding Member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, the Mexican equivalent of the U. S. National Academy of Sciences. the Mexican Academy of Sciences, founded in 1959, is an organization of the most distinguished scientists working in diverse institutions in Mexico, as well as Corresponding Members in other countries who are prominent in their disciplines and have contributed in various ways to the development of research in Mexico.  Selander also is a Member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a Foreign Fellow of The Linnean Societyof London, and a Fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology.

The award is intended to bridge the gap between academic scholars and government social-science research by supporting research on methodological problems and analytical issues relevant to the Bureau of Labor Statistics programs.

This Senior Research Fellow Award will support Schafer's research on survey-item imputation at the Bureau of Labor Statistics .

David L. Allara, professor of materials science and chemistry, has received the Award in Spectrochemical Analysis from the Division of Analytical Chemistry of the American Chemical Society.  The award, which is sponsored by the Perkin-Elmer Corporation, was given to Allara for advancing the field of spectrochemical analysis through studies of thin films, modified surfaces, and materials interfaces.  His research accomplishments are of interest to the composite, semiconductor, and sensor industries.  Allara is a materials chemist whose research involves surface chemistry and analytical spectroscopy with applications such as biocompatibility, adhesion, and coatings.

Allara was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1997 and received the Distinguished Member of the Technical Staff award for career achievements at Bell Laboratories in 1984.  He has given numerous invited talks and has authored or co-authored more than 125 research papers.  He has been a member of the editorial board of Surface and Interface Analysis, Advances in Chemistry, and The American Chemical Society Symposium Series.  Allara has been chairman of the Gordon Conference on Thin Organic Films and Solid Surfaces, has been on the oversight committee for the Division of Materials of the National Science Foundation, and has been a member of the American Vacuum Society, the American Chemical Society, the American Physical Society, and the Materials Research Society.

Allara was a staff member of the Stanford Research Institute from 1965 to 1967, an associate professor of chemistry at San Francisco State University from 1967 to 1969, a staff member at Bell Laboratories from 1969 to 1984, and a research manager at Bell Communications Research from 1984 to 1987, when he joined the Penn State faculty.

Gutti J. Babu, professor of statistics, has been honored with the rank of Fellow in the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).  The association selects as Fellows members whose "efforts on behalf of the advancement of science or its applications are scientifically or socially distinguished."  Founded in 1848, the AAAS is the world's largest federation of scientists and has more than 144,000 members.  The association publishes the journal Science.

Babu's broad research interests include applications of statistics and probability to problems in biomedical research, astronomy, and astrophysics.  According to the AAAS, he was elected as a Fellow in recognition of his research accomplishments in asymptotic theory, resampling methods, probabilistic number theory, statistical methods for astronomy, and the promotion of interdisciplinary activities.

His work during the early 1980s resulted in establishing the superiority of the bootstrap approximation for a wide class of statistical tests and laid the foundation for subsequent work on second-order approximations of this method.  Since the late 1980s, he has led efforts to bring advanced statistical methods to serve the research needs of observational astronomers.  He and Eric D. Feigelson, professor of astronomy and astrophysics, recently co-authored an interdisciplinary book titled Astrostatistics  and co-edited the proceedings of the conference titled Statistical Challenges in Modern Astronomy II.

Among his many accomplishments, Babu is an elected Fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics and the American Statistical Association and an elected member of the International Statistical Institute.

Bruce G. Lindsay, distinguished professor of statistics and interim head of the Department of Statistics, has been named a Fellow of the American Statistical Association (ASA) in recognition of his research in statistical theory for mixture models, estimating equations, and likelihood methods and for his service to the statistics profession.

The designation of Fellow is one of the highest honors in the ASA and has for more than seventy-five years signified an individual's outstanding professional contribution and leadership in the field of statistical science.  This year fifty-eight members of the ASA were accorded the Fellows honor.  Lindsay has earned a wide reputation for his seminal work in mixture models.  His work on conditional likelihood inference in the presence of nuisance parameters is recognized as a major contribution to the foundations of statistical theory and also has practical applications to genetics and ecology.  Lindsay serves as associate editor of two journals in theoretical statistics and provides expertise to Penn State faculty in many disciplines.

Lindsay has received many awards and honors, including the Woodrow Wilson Fellowship, the Phi Beta Kappa Senior 12 recognition, National Science Foundation graduate and postdoctoral fellowships, a National Institutes of Health fellowship, a Guggenheim fellowship, and the Humboldt Senior Scientist Award.  He was named a Fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics in 1987, was elected to its council in 1991 and 1994, and is now serving a three-year term as its program secretary.  Lindsay was elected a member of the International Statistical Institute in 1990.  He was the only United States speaker selected to give an Institute of Mathematical Statistics Special Invited Paper in Sweden at the combined 1990 Annual Meeting of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics and the Second World Congress of the Bernoulli Society.  In 1993 he was chosen to deliver ten lectures as the principal speaker at a conference sponsored by the National Science Foundation and the Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences.  In 1997 Lindsay was co-winner of the Snedecor Prize from the Council of Presidents of Statistical Societies for the best paper in biometrics during 1995 and 1996.

Jean E. Brenchley, professor of microbiology and biotechnology, has been elected a Fellow of the Society for Industrial Microbiology.  The award is given in recognition of excellence in microbial research and contributions made in administrative, academic, industrial, governmental, military, or public-health positions.

Brenchley is known for her distinguished career in microbiology, both as a researcher and as an administrator in academia and in the biotechnology industry.  An acknowledged leader in the field of bacterial metabolism, her current research focuses on enzymes that thrive at unusually low temperatures and the organisms that produce them--an area of considerable fundamental and commercial significance in situations where continued refrigeration is needed to prevent spoilage.  One aspect of her current work is to discover and improve potentially useful microbial enzymes, such as lactases, which are used to reduce lactose in milk.

Recruited to Penn State in 1984 from a position at Genex Corporation to head the former Department of Microbial Biochemistry (now the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology), Brenchley simultaneously launched Penn State's Biotechnology Institute and became its founding director, raising funding for the institute and overseeing its design, construction, and outfitting.  She also established a fermentation pilot plant and started short courses and workshops in which scientists from across the nation could experience modern scale-up procedures.

She was the first woman to head an academic department in the Penn State Eberly College of Science and has encouraged and trained students and chaired panels addressing issues facing women in their scientific careers.

Among her many honors, Brenchley won the Alice C. Evans Award of the American Society for Microbiology in 1996, was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1994, received an honorary doctoral degree from Lycoming College in 1992, was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology in 1987, was elected president of the American Society for Microbiology in 1986, and received the Waksman Award for outstanding contributions to microbiology from the Theobals Smith Society in 1985.  Brenchley has served on numerous panels, professional committees, and editorial boards, and was an editor of Applied and Environmental Microbiology and Microbiological Reviews.  She holds an honorary membership in the Sigma Delta Epsilon national sorority for graduate women in science.

Mary McCammon, professor emerita of mathematics, has received a certificate of appreciation from the Mathematical Association of America (MAA) in recognition of her contributions as a "driving force" in the association's Placement Testing Program.

McCammon's contributions to the association are based on the key role she has played in the development of the undergraduate mathematics curriculum at Penn State.  One of her achievements at the University during the past four decades has been the continual improvement of the mathematics placement test for entering freshmen.  According to the association, "her pioneering work at Penn State soon came to the attention of the MAA's Committee on Testing and in short order she was creating new tests for the greater mathematics community.  Her contributions have been deemed so important to the placement testing program that at the conclusion of her second three-year term she was asked to stay on the Committee on Testing as a special consultant."

McCammon has won numerous awards over the past 40 years, including the Christian Mary Lindback Award for Distinguished Teaching in 1982, the Teresa Cohen Service Award for her work in the Department of Mathematics in 1984, the Eberly College of Science Alumni Society Award for Inspiring Teaching and Advising in 1991, and the C.I. Knoll Award for Excellence in Teaching in 1998.  She has been recognized by the University with the creation of the Mary Lister McCammon Award for Distinguished Undergraduate Teaching in Mathematics and the establishment in her name of several undergraduate mathematics scholarships.

McCammon has been an active member of the Mathematical Association of America, serving as chair of the text-production committee and consultant to the committee on testing, among other positions.  She is a member of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics and the American Mathematical Society.

She began teaching at the University in 1954, introducing such new classes as numerical analysis and computer programming.  She served as director of undergraduate programs from 1963 to 1975 then took on the position again in 1988, and also has served as the department's scheduling officer.  McCammon retired in 1998 and continues to work with students, both as an advisor and as a tutor.

Paul Sokol, professor of physics, Nitin Samarth, assistant professor of physics, Renee Diehl, associate professor of physics, and James Beatty, associate professor of physics and astrophysics, have been recognized by the Office of the Provost for their work in collaborative instructional and curricular innovation.  The Office of the Provost sponsors a special program that aims at recognizing outstanding collaborative teaching of faculty who also have demonstrated strengths as scholars and researchers and have contributed significantly to undergraduate and graduate teaching.  Sokol, Samarth, Diehl, and Beatty were all recognized for their course in improving physics through advances in educational research and computing in a major studio course.

In addition, eight Eberly College of Science faculty members have been honored with Penn State's first Faculty Associates Award.  The award recognizes faculty for their outstanding involvement in programs and services for students.

Honorees from the college include: Jane Charlton, assistant professor of astronomy and astrophysics; Charles Fisher, associate professor of biology; S. Blair Hedges, associate professor of biology; John Lowe, professor of chemistry; James Marden, assistant professor of biology; Robert Minard, senior lecturer in chemistry; Andrew Stephenson, professor of biology; and Christopher Uhl, professor of biology.

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